Nearly four decades after the Tennessee Valley Authority abandoned construction of more than half of the nuclear plants it once planned to build, the federal utility is moving forward again with plans to pursue the next generation of nuclear power.
The federal utility said Tuesday it has an agreement with a nuclear manufacturer to pursue a small modular reactor design at the Clinch River reactor site near Oak Ridge and will spend the next year preparing a possible construction permit to build a couple of the 300-megawatt reactors.
TVA President Jeff Lyash said smaller nuclear reactors such as the GE-Hitachi BWRX-300 being studied by TVA can be built more cost effectively and offer more flexibility than the previous generation of nuclear plants. Lyash said while TVA is pursuing a range of energy options for its future, he thinks the small modular reactors will be needed to help TVA achieve its long-term goal of being carbon-free by 2050 while still maintaining reliable and relatively low-cost power.
“I am pleased to announce that TVA has taken another step on that road (to building a small modular reactor) and signed a two-party agreement with GE-Hitachi which will support our planning and preliminary licensing for the potential deployment of an SMR (small modular reactor) at the Clinch River site,” Lyash said during an earnings presentation Tuesday. “The agreement will provide additional information to analyze the viability of SMRs in the Valley.”
In the quarterly earnings report, TVA revealed that the board of directors this spring ratified approval of a programmatic approach to explore the GE-Hitachi reactor design “in collaboration with other utilities, government agencies, research institutions and organizations on advanced nuclear technologies.”
TVA and Ontario Power Co., the biggest public utilities in the United States and Canada, have negotiated a bilateral contract with General Electric and Hitachi to develop and build the GE Hitachi BWRX-300. Lyash said TVA is targeting the fourth quarter of 2023 or the first quarter of 2024 to submit an application for a construction permit for the smaller reactor design, which could be built as soon as 2030.
TVA’s latest move is part of a plan adopted by the board in February allocating up to $200 million to explore and develop the GE Hitachi BWRX-300 reactor design. The GE Hitachi model is one of more than two dozen small reactor designs under development.
Lyash said the 300-megawatt size and light-water design of the GE Hitachi plan “fits the scale, load growth and decarbonization plans” that the board outlined when it adopted its power plan in 2021.
“The BWRX-300 is an ideal technology solution for TVA as it looks to small modular reactors as a source of carbon-free generation,” Sean Sextone, the executive vice president of advanced nuclear at GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy, said in a statement Tuesday.
But some environmental groups question TVA’s latest pursuit of more nuclear power, noting that most of the 17 reactors that TVA first proposed to build more than a half century ago were ultimately scrapped due to cost overruns or other problems. TVA is the nation’s third largest nuclear power operator, with seven reactors at its Sequoyah, Watts Bar and Browns Ferry nuclear plants. But 10 other reactors TVA proposed were never completed even though TVA spent more than $10 billion on the abandoned plants.
‘It’s quite frustrating to watch TVA chase after unproven technologies without known costs like SMRs — or still wanting to build more natural gas generation — while they are slow to adopt proven and cost-effective technologies like solar power,” Stephen Smith, executive director for the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, said in a telephone interview Tuesday.
Smith said TVA already gets more than 40% of its power from nuclear units, but the federal utility trails behind most of its neighbors in the share of solar and wind generation used to produce electricity. In the second quarter, 21% of TVA’s power came from natural gas-fired plants, and TVA is proposing to build more gas plants to replace some of the coal-fired generation it is shutting down.
TVA has pledged to shutter the last of the 59 coal units it once operated by 2035 to help reduce its carbon emissions and aid in President Joe Biden’s appeal to decarbonize America’s electricity grid.
Lyash said TVA is pursuing a new and diverse generation portfolio to ensure a reliable and resilient power system, and he is eager to explore and expand solar generation, battery storage, pumped hydro generation, advanced hydrogen technologies and other carbon-free power production.
Last month, TVA announced it is seeking proposals for up to 5,000 megawatts of carbon-free power in one of the biggest such requests for carbon-free generation anywhere in the country.
“But I think to meet the increased demand we expect in electricity, and to do so in a reliable, resilient, cost-effective and clean manner, we need to consider new nuclear generation,” Lyash said.
TVA was the first utility to obtain an early site permit to build up to 800 megawatts of nuclear power generation from small modular reactors at its Clinch River site in Oak Ridge. By a 3-1 vote, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission voted in 2019 to issue TVA a 20-year site permit for the 935-acre site as an acceptable location for TVA to potentially construct and operate small modular reactors.
TVA is pursuing a two-step licensing process to proceed with a construction permit to build the new units and then later obtain an operating permit to run the reactors.
“We’re developing that construction permit application, which we would make a decision whether to submit that (to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) in the fourth quarter of 2023 or the first quarter of 2024,” Lyash said.
The commission would have up to two years to review and decide on the construction permit application. Lyash said the Oak Ridge project should serve as a model for other small modular reactors that TVA might also build on former coal power plant sites or the abandoned Bellefonte nuclear plant site in Alabama.
The decision to potentially build any small modular reactor will still require approval by the TVA board and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
In its financial report Tuesday, TVA said it has spent $98 million on work regarding small modular reactors, including work to complete the early site permit application for the Clinch River Nuclear Site. The U.S. Department of Energy, which operates the Oak Ridge National Laboratory near the Clinch River site, is partnering in some of the research on the project and has reimbursed TVA $29 million.
